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With the elimination of autocracy in Russia there was dual power. On the one hand, the bourgeois Provisional government came to power, and on the other - the Petrograd Soviet of workers 'and soldiers' deputies was formed, which in its policy relied on local councils.
The political situation in Ukraine, where three authorities emerged, is somewhat different. After the February revolution, power was formally in the hands of the Provisional government, which received powers from the liberal circles of the state Duma. Its main support on the ground and, in particular, in Ukraine, were the commercial and industrial bourgeoisie, landowners, officials, liberal intelligentsia.
These social strata began to create public councils and committees. Such bodies occurred in all provinces. On March 3, 1917 in Kiev was created the Council of United public organizations, which acted on behalf of the Provisional government and was considered the highest representative body of local government. Management in the provinces was transferred to the commissioners of the Provisional government, who appointed the chairmen of local Zemstvo councils.
At the same time in major cities of Ukraine and on the fronts were created councils of workers 'and soldiers' deputies. In March 1917 they appeared in Kharkov, Kiev, Ekaterinoslav, Odessa, Poltava, Kherson, Nikolaev and other cities. In total, 170 councils were formed during the month. In rural areas began to be created the Soviets of peasants ' deputies.
In Ukraine, as in Russia, the first councils consisted of representatives of the SS and Mensheviks. The influence of the Bolsheviks, who in the first months after the February revolution in the Ukrainian provinces was 2 thousand people, on the activities of the Soviets was insignificant.
But in April 1917 their number increased to 10 thousand people, and the aggravation of the political and socio-economic crisis contributed to the growth of popularity of their slogans among the population.
Regiment. Yevgeny Konovalets and Sich Riflemen
Almost immediately after the February revolution in the midst of political struggle in Ukraine was the question of its self-determination. This led to the emergence here of another alternative center of power-the Ukrainian Central Rada (UCR) - a socio-political Association, which was formed on March 4, 1917.
The idea of its creation was born at a meeting of the Association of Ukrainian postupovat, which was founded in 1908 by M. Hrushevskyi, S. Yefremov, and E. Chykalenko, as inter-party political bloc on the nationwide scale.
Bringing together representatives of the Ukrainian intelligentsia, postupove in 1917 was planned to achieve the autonomy of Ukraine within the framework of the Constitution of the bourgeois Russia. Central Rada sought to lead the national liberation movement.
In its composition, in addition to members of the TUP included representatives of cultural and educational, cooperative, military, student and other organizations, as well as various national societies - scientific, pedagogical, technical, agronomic and progressive clergy.
An important role in its creation and definition of the main activities was played by three leading Ukrainian party, the Ukrainian party of socialist revolutionaries (N. Kovalevsky, P. Khristyuk, N. Shapoval), Ukrainian social-democratic labour party (V. Vynnychenko, S. Petliura, N. Porsche) and the Ukrainian party of socialist Federalists (D. Doroshenko, S. Efremov).
The Chairman of the Central Council was elected leader of the movement for the Ukrainian national revival famous historian and politician M. Grushevsky. From the very beginning of activity of the Central Rada M. Hrushevsky stood on the position of autonomy of Ukraine as a part of Russia.
He was supported by V. Vynnychenko, S. Petliura, P. khristyuk and others. In addition to supporters of autonomy, the Central Rada included supporters of the immediate Declaration of independence of Ukraine. One of them was N. Mikhnovsky who actively supported creation of the Ukrainian state institutes of the power and first of all the Ukrainian army.
With the development of democracy in Ukraine began to open Ukrainian clubs, Newspapers, congresses, demonstrations. March 19, 1917 held a 100-thousand demonstration in support of the Central Council, which was called the holiday of freedom.
The head of the Directorate of the UCR, and the chief otaman Symon Petliura
The demonstration supported the call for autonomy of Ukraine. On April 6, the Ukrainian national Congress began its work, which was attended by 900 people from political parties, peasant, military and workers ' organizations. All regions of Ukraine, as well as Ukrainian societies of Petrograd, Moscow, Kuban and all fronts were represented at the Congress. On the first day of the Congress adopted a resolution on the proclamation of autonomy of Ukraine.
A new composition of the Central Rada was elected at the Congress. Chairman of the UCR was elected Hrushevsky, and his deputies - S. Efremov and V. Vinnichenko. The full composition of the UCR (798 people) met only at the General session. Sometimes these meetings were called The great Rada.
In 1917, there were 9 such sessions. In the intervals between sessions, the Committee of the Central Rada operated first, and in early July 1917 it was reorganized into A small Rada, which consisted of 20 people and played a leading role in the activities of the UCR: formed its policy, acted with legislative initiatives. Both big and Small Rada were formed on the fractional (party) principles.
The most numerous in Parliament was a faction of the Ukrainian socialist party, Ukrainian social-Democrats quantitatively inferior to her, but for a long time (until January 1918) played in Parliament a leading role.
The requirement of national-territorial autonomy of Ukraine acquired political meaning in the resolutions of the First all-Ukrainian military Congress, held on may 5-8, 1917. It was attended by about 700 delegates who represented 900 thousand soldiers of the Ukrainian army and rear.
The work of the Congress was led by M. Grushevsky, V. Vinnichenko, S. Petlyura, N. Mikhnovsky. The main issue of the Congress was the attitude of the Ukrainian population to the war. Delegates of the Congress spoke for granting autonomy to Ukraine, for Ukrainization of military units. The Congress elected the Ukrainian military General Committee, which in full (18 people) became part of the UCR.
Until next time, @r3benok
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