Rome Empire

According to legend, Ancient Rome was founded by two demigod brothers, Romulus and Remus, in BC. It was founded on April 21, 753. Legend has it that the debate over who would rule the city (where it should be built in other sources) ended when Romulus killed Remus and named the city after himself. This story is the most common one known, but it is not the only myth. In other legends, the city's name originates from a woman named Rome, who traveled with Aeneas and others who fled after the fall of Troy. When they came to the border of the Tiber, Rome and the other women opposed the men and did not want to continue the journey. Rome, taking other women with it, burned the Trojan ships and as a result, they were stuck at the bottom of this river and eventually founded Rome. Aeneas of Troy is also included in this legend, and it is also mentioned in Virgil's work Aeneid that he was the ancestor of Romulus and Remus, and founded Rome. Thus, Rome can also be seen in connection with Troy.

According to other theories, the name of this famous city comes from "Rumon". Rumon is the ancient name for the Tiber River, and it is rumored that a small clearinghouse on the banks of the river may have an Etruscan name. 
Rome in the early period

 Originally a small town on the banks of the Tiber, Rome began to grow significantly thanks to trade. The location of the city enabled the merchants to easily transport the products they sell by water. During this first growth period, seven kings ruled, from Romulus to Tarquin. One of the major factors in creating their own culture for the Romans was the transfer of Greek culture and civilization to Rome through interactions with the Greek colonies in the south. The foundations of literacy, religion, and architecture were also taken from the Greeks.

The Etruscans in the north also became a commercial model and an example of city life. Etruria, like Rome, was ideally located for trade, and the early Romans either promoted trade as the Etruscans did, or the Etruscan invasions of the surrounding areas during 650 and 600 BC (though their influence was felt earlier) may have also been a route of interaction. While the influence of the Etruscans in Roman culture and society is debatable, their early contribution cannot be denied.

From the beginning, the Romans were successful in acquiring talent and concepts from other cultures. The Roman Kingdom evolved from a small clearinghouse to a wealthy city, a process that accelerated between the 8th and 6th centuries BC. When Tarquin the Proud, the last of Rome's seven kings, was deposed in 509 BC, his rival Lucius Junius Brutus reformed the state system and established the Roman Republic.

War era & expansion

Although trade was the thing that brought power and wealth to Rome in the early years, it was the wars that made Rome the real power of the ancient world. The wars against Carthage in North Africa (also known as the Punic Wars, 246-146 BC) increased Roman power and brought wealth and prestige. In the western Mediterranean, both Rome and Carthage were commercial rivals, and when Carthage fell, Rome had almost absolute power in the region; however, the full Roman control of the sea was prevented by the existing pirates.

While the Roman Republic increased its power and prestige, the city of Rome began to suffer from corruption, arrogance, and over-reliance on foreign slaves. Some of the unemployed Romans, who were out of work because of the incoming slaves, formed a bandit group and began to enter the service of whoever paid them. The "Patrician" group, the wealthy of the city, the working group began to get richer at the expense of the "pebeian" group.

In the 2nd century BC, the Gracchi brothers Tiberius and Gaius, two Roman tribunes, brought both land and policy reform in general. Although both were killed trying to do so, their efforts led to legislative reforms, while corruption within the Roman Senate was partially exposed (or the senators began to do it more secretly). By the time of the First Triumvirate, both the city of Rome and the Roman Republic were in serious prosperity 
Republic
Despite this, there was class distinction in Rome. The ruling class described themselves as optimates (the best men), while the lower classes or those sympathetic to this class were referred to as populares (people in general). These names were simply used as labels for people who believed in a certain ideology, they were not any political party formation, not all upper class were optimates and not all lower class populares.

In general, optimates valued the Roman Senate, supported traditional political and social understandings, and believed in the prestige and superiority of the ruling class. The populares, on the other hand, believed in the democratization and reform of the Roman Republic in general. These two opposing points of view would emerge especially in the clash of three men that would bring about the end of the Roman Republic.
Marcus Licinius Crassus and his political rival, Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (Pompey the Great) merged with a younger politician, Gaius Julius Caesar, to form the "First Triumvirate" (triumvirate) used by modern historians, in which these three men in the past did not call themselves that way. While Crassus and Pompey had the optimate point of view, Caesar was close to the populare point of view.
All three men had equal ambitions, and they controlled each other's powers as Rome continued to rise. Crassus was the richest man in Rome and had other upper-class rich people pay him "safety" money. If the person paid, Crassus did not burn that person's house, but if the money was not paid, Crassus started a fire and then demanded money in exchange for putting out the fire. While the motivation for this fire trade was not noble, Crassus activated firefighting, which in a way contributed greatly to the city.

Both Pompey and Caesar were great generals who contributed to Rome with their invasions. Although Crassus was the richest man in Rome (perhaps in all of Roman history), he did not have the respect that came with the military successes and pursuit of Pompey and Caesar. So Crassus went with a force to Parthia in 53 BC, but lost the battle and was killed at Carrhae in present-day Turkey.
After Crassus' death, the First Triumvirate dissolved and Pompey and Caesar declared war on each other. Pompey sought to legally destroy his opponent and arranged for the Senate to try him. But instead of returning and appearing before the court, Caesar crossed the Rubicon River with his army in 49 BC and entered Rome at the head of his army.

He refused to answer the accusations made against him and focused on eliminating Pompey as a rival. In 48 BC, they faced each other in battle in the Greek region of Pharsalus. Caesar's forces in this struggle were considerably smaller than those of Pompey. Pompey fled to Egypt and hoped to find help there, but was assassinated there. Heard of Caesar's victory over a mighty mighty force, and Pompey's old friends and supporters sided with Caesar, believing he had been chosen by the gods.

 towards the empire

Julius Caesar became the most powerful person in Rome after these events. By declaring himself a "dictator", he completely finished the Republican period. He was well-liked by the people, and his efforts to create a strong and stable central government further enhanced Rome's prosperity. Probably because of these achievements, he was killed by several Roman senators in 44 BC.

Brutus and Cassius, of these senators, feared that Caesar would grow stronger and dissolve the Senate. Following his death, his cousin and all-time supporter Mark Antony (Mark Antony) united with Caesar's nephew and heir, Gaius Octavius ​​Thurinus (Octavian) and Caesar's friend, Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, to fight Brutus and Cassius in the battle of Phillippi in 42 BC. he won.
Octavian, Antony, and Lepidus formed the Second Triumvirate, but like the first, they were all quite ambitious. Antony and Octavian had Lepidus withdrawn by giving him Hispania and Africa so that Lepidus could not interfere in any way with Rome. According to the other treaty, Octavian would rule the western Roman lands and Antony the eastern Roman lands.

However, Antony's queen of Egypt VII. His initiation into a relationship with Cleopatra upsets the balance Octavian had imagined, and the two go to war. The combined forces of Antony and Cleopatra were defeated at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC, and both committed suicide. Octavian emerged as the sole power in Rome. He was given extraordinary power by the Senate in 27 BC and changed his name to Augustus, becoming the first emperor of Rome. According to some historians, the end of Roman history and the beginning of the Roman Empire coincide with this period.