Everyone is equal in the eyes of the law.

The caliphs did not even consider themselves above the law. Rather, in the eyes of the law, he considered himself and an ordinary citizen of the country equal, whether he was a Muslim or a non-Muslim hostage. Although they appointed themselves judges as heads of state, they were completely independent in ruling against the caliphs.

As independent as an ordinary citizen was. Once there was a difference of opinion between Hazrat Omar may Allah be pleased with him and Hazrat Ubayy ibn Ka'b may Allah be pleased with him. Both of them appointed Hazrat Zayd bin Thabit may Allah be pleased with him as their arbiter.

Both the plaintiff and the defendant appeared before Zayd may Allah be pleased with him. Zayd may Allah be pleased with him stood up and asked Hazrat Omar may Allah be pleased with him to sit on his seat, but he sat with Ubayy may Allah be pleased with him.

Then Hazrat Ubayy may Allah be pleased with him presented his Aryan, Hazrat Umar may Allah be pleased with him denied the allegation. According to the rules, Zayd may Allah be pleased with him should have taken the oath from Hazrat Omar.

But he was reluctant to do so. Omar himself swore and said after the meeting. Zayd cannot be a judge unless he is an ordinary Muslim and Omar is equal to him.

One such incident took place with a Christian, Hazrat Ali may Allah be pleased with him. In the market of Kufr, Hazrat Ali (RA) saw a Christian selling his lost iron armor. As Amir al-mu'minin, he did not snatch the armor from the person but complained to the Qazi's court.

As he could not present evidence, the judge ruled against him. Another characteristic of the early period of Islam was that according to the principles and vitality of Islam, all people were treated equally above the prejudices of the clan and country.No one would be discriminated against.

After the demise of the Messenger of God, tribalism in Arabia rose to prominence. This element was the most active among the rise of the claimants of neo-paganism and the rush to leave Islam. Quote from a fan of Mosailama: I know Mosailama is a liar. But Rabia's liar is better than Modar's truthful.